RSID: <<2021-11-12T00:31Z MFSK-32 @ 9265000+1500>>

Welcome to program 230 of Shortwave Radiogram.

I'm Kim Andrew Elliott in Arlington, Virginia USA.

Here is the lineup for today's program, in MFSK modes as noted:

  1:39 MFSK32: Program preview (now)
  2:40 The upper edge of the troposphere is rising
  5:45 MFSK64: More air conditioning in emerging states
10:01 This week's images
28:28 MFSK32: Closing announcements

 

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Twitter: @SWRadiogram

From Science News:

Earth's lower atmosphere is rising due to climate change

Higher temperatures are forcing the upper boundary of the
troposphere to expand upward

By Freda Kreier
November 5, 2021

Global temperatures are rising and so, it seems, is part of the
sky.

Atmosphere readings collected by weather balloons in the Northern
Hemisphere over the last 40 years reveal that climate change is
pushing the upper boundary of the troposphere - the slice of sky
closest to the ground - steadily upward at a rate of 50 to 60
meters per decade, researchers report November 5 in Science
Advances.

Temperature is the driving force behind this change, says Jane
Liu, an environmental scientist at the University of Toronto. The
troposphere varies in height around the world, reaching as high
as 20 kilometers in the tropics and as low as seven kilometers
near the poles. During the year, the upper boundary of the
troposphere - called the tropopause - naturally rises and falls
with the seasons as air expands in the heat and contracts in the
cold. But as greenhouse gases trap more and more heat in the
atmosphere, the troposphere is expanding higher into the
atmosphere.

Liu and her colleagues found that the tropopause rose an average
of about 200 meters in height from 1980 to 2020. Nearly all
weather occurs in the troposphere, but it's unlikely that this
shift will have on a big effect on weather, the researchers say.
Still, this research is an important reminder of the impact of
climate change on our world, Liu says.

"We see signs of global warming around us, in retreating glaciers
and rising sea levels," she says. "Now, we see it in the height
of the troposphere."

https://www.sciencenews.org/article/earth-lower-atmosphere-rising-climate-change-troposphere

See also:
https://newatlas.com/environment/climate-change-troposphere-expanding/
https://phys.org/news/2021-11-weather-balloon-troposphere-thicker-tropopause.html

Shortwave Radiogram now changes to MFSK64 ...
 

RSID: <<2021-11-12T00:35Z MFSK-64 @ 9265000+1500>>

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From TechXplore:

Air-conditioning and the adaptation cooling deficit in emerging
economies

By Università Ca' Foscari Venezia
November 9, 2021

The rise of air-conditioning is on the brink of becoming a new
emergency, adding unprecedented challenges to the already
difficult task of decarbonizing the economy and reducing
emissions. As temperatures continue to rise, and despite a growth
in incomes, a significant share of people living in emerging
economies will not be able to afford the use of AC to cool
themselves adequately.

New research looking at India, Brasil, Mexico and Indonesia
reveals that by 2040 between 64 and 100 million households will
not be able to meet their cooling requirements, finding
themselves in a situation of potential discomfort. This will be
particularly pronounced in states with high urbanization levels,
hot and humid climates, or poor economic conditions.

The study, led by Enrica De Cian-professor of Environmental
economics at Ca' Foscari University of Venice and Scientist at
Fondazione Centro Euro-Mediterraneo sui Cambiamenti Climatici,
and published today in the scientific journal Nature
Communications, analyzes the determining factors driving the
emerging cooling crisis with an evaluation of its consequences in
2040. This study, funded by the European Research Council,
provides the first multi-country, comparative analysis of how
climate and household characteristics, including income, drive
air-conditioning adoption in four emerging countries: Brazil,
India, Indonesia, and Mexico.

AC adoption rates will skyrocket over the next 20 years, leading
to more than half of households being equipped with an AC unit:
85% in Brazil, 61% in Indonesia and 69% India. This will also
lead to an increase in electricity consumption, which will triple
in India and Indonesia, and almost double in Mexico and Brazil.

Adoption of air-conditioning across states will increase in all
socio-economic and climate scenarios considered and the demand
for the large amounts of energy needed to power all these new
appliances will also generate CO2 emissions. Future research is
needed to look at the potential environmental consequences of
this vicious cycle.

What drives AC adoption

The role of income and climate in future projections has been
overestimated in previous studies, due to a failure to consider
household characteristics. "It is not just a story of a changing
climate or affluence levels, which are improving. Our results
suggest that AC adoption patterns are determined by multiple
drivers, with different importance across countries," says Enrica
De Cian. Indeed, in emerging economies, the decision to purchase
air-conditioning in response to warmer climatic conditions is
strongly anchored to socio-economic and demographic
characteristics. However, besides income, what really appears to
influence decisions to purchase an AC unit are housing
conditions, education, employment, gender, age of the household's
head, and whether they live in urban or rural areas.

A costly and unequal adaptation tactic

The actual and potential demand for air-conditioning should be
interpreted in a broader sense as a measurable proxy of the needs
for improved thermal comfort. And this is how our new concept of
adaptation cooling gap should be used. For example, the state of
Rio de Janeiro today is in a situation of high exposure to degree
days and of higher-than-average AC adoption, but in the future it
is expected to transit to a situation of greater thermal
discomfort with increased exposure to degree days but
lower-than-average AC adoption.

"Increasing the use of electricity for residential space cooling
is a form of adaptation that helps relieve people from heat
stress but it is no panacea, as electricity expenditure will
limit opportunities among the lowest income households. Even
those with air-conditioning will be exposed to a new condition of
vulnerability related to supply shortage in the power sector,
such as the recent Canadian experience, or degraded power
stability. The implication is that, it is imperative to manage
the growing appetite for residential space cooling by using a mix
of efficiency measures, policies, and technologies," says Roberto
Schaeffer from the Energy Planning Program at the Universidade
Federal do Rio de Janeiro.

Main results per country

Indonesia and India have the highest numbers of hot and humid
days, and indeed the use of AC units closely mirrors patterns of
climate conditions, though urbanization and access to electricity
play a mediating role. In India, for example, the highest numbers
of hot and humid days are observed in the states of West Bengal,
Assam, Uttar Pradesh, and Orissa, but these states are not
associated with the most widespread use of air-conditioning.
Although Indonesia has the highest values of hot and humid days,
households rarely own air-conditioning units, except for the
wealthiest districts of Jakarta and the Riau Islands. In Brazil,
the state of Rio de Janeiro shows relatively high adoption rates
for air conditioners, despite the lower number of annual hot and
humid days compared to its northern states, where urbanization is
low. In Mexico, the average ownership rates in the hotter states
are already high, reaching 73% in Sonora or 77% in Sinaloa.

https://techxplore.com/news/2021-11-air-conditioning-cooling-deficit-emerging-economies.html

 

This is Shortwave Radiogram in MFSK64

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This week's images ...


Georg in Germany sent another image: a green woodpecker --
Grünspecht -- which visited his garden for the first time ...

Sending Pic:193x152C;

A foggy sunrise over San Francisco, seen from the Marin Headlands
in Sausalito, California, on October 28. https://bit.ly/3wBWKzR
...

Sending Pic:222x103C;


 

A day-old zebra foal with its mother at the zoo in Cali,
Colombia. https://bit.ly/30c0N9K ...

Sending Pic:296x280;






The Scottish Event Campus on the banks of the Clyde in Glasgow is
the venue of the COP26 climate change conference.
https://bbc.in/3ksXUZz ...


Sending Pic:233x99C;

Roughcastle Tunnel at Falkirk, Scotland. https://bbc.in/3ohsgiX
...

Sending Pic:213x143C;
 

Fall colors in Washington DC the morning of November 9. https://wapo.st/3bXB33P ...

Sending Pic:110x233C;





 

Autumn in Lake Mercer Park, Springfield, Virginia, November 6.
https://wapo.st/31QCCPb ...

Sending Pic:202x135C;
 

The Conway Scenic Railroad in Crawford Notch State Park, New
Hampshire. https://bit.ly/3D6Ytj8 ...

Sending Pic:156x199C;
 

Autumn foliage in Boston. https://bit.ly/3of6yfr ...

Sending Pic:140x211C;
 

Cooper's Rock State Park, West Virginia. https://bit.ly/3qsIzfw
...

Sending Pic:203x153C;

Indy, senior cat of the Elliott family, 2005-2021 ...


Indy, senior cat of the Elliott family, 2005-2021 ...
 

Sending Pic:134x212C;

RSID: <<2021-11-12T00:58Z MFSK-32 @ 9265000+1500>>


This is Shortwave Radiogram in MFSK32 ...

 

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I'm Kim Elliott. Please join us for the next Shortwave
Radiogram.